Advances Land Survey Work Shop Program

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Successfully Completed One Days (01/04/2018) our institution conducted ISO Certified workshop Program from "AVS Engineering College". Based on "DEVELOPING SKILL IN MODERN SURVEYING INSTRUMENT AND IT'S USES". We thanks to students, faculties and sympathizers.

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How to Reduce Building Construction Cost

#How to Reduce Building Construction Cost

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Areas from where cost can be reduced are:
o Reduce plinth area by using thinner wall concept.
o Use locally available material an innovative form like soil cement blocks in place of burnt brick.
o Use energy efficiency materials which consumes less energy like concrete block in place of burnt brick.
o Use environmentally friendly materials which are substitute for conventional building components like use R.C.C. Door and window frames in place of wooden frames.
o Preplan every component of a house and rationalize the design procedure for reducing the size of the component in the building.
o By planning each and every component of a house the wastage of materials due to demolition of the unplanned component of the house can be avoided.
o Each component of the house shall be checked whether if it’s necessary, if it is not necessary, then that component should not be used.
o Build smarter with space. Smaller house, multi-use spaces.

HOW TO CALCULATE CONCRETE VOLUME FOR TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING/SLOPED FOOTING

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How To Calculate Concrete Volume For Trapezoidal Footing:

A trapezoid is a combination of a cuboid and a truncated pyramid.

Trapezoidal footing = Cuboid + trancated pyramid.

So to calculate the volume of trapezoidal footing we need to calculate the volume of a cuboid and a truncated pyramid.

1. Volume of  Rectangular Cuboid = length x Breadth x Height = 3 x 2 x 0.3 = 1.8 m³

2. Volume of Truncated pyramid = 1/3 (A1 + A2 + √A1A2) x h

Where A1 = Area of the top base.

A2 = Area of bottom base.

A1 = 0.6 x 0.5 = 0.3 m²

A2 = 3 x 2 = 6 m²

Volume of truncated pyramid = 1/3(0.3 + 6 + √0.3×6) x 0.3 = 0.81 m³

∴ Total volume of trapezoidal footing = Volume of Cuboid + Volume of Truncated pyramid

= 1.8 + 0.81 = 2.61 m³.

So total concrete volume for trapezoidal footing is 2.61 m³.

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#LAP LENGTH OF BARS

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LAP LENGTH:
Development length and lap length are two important terms in reinforcement. But many of us get confused with the difference between development length and lap length. In our previous article we have already discussed what is development length of bars, today we will discuss what is lap length of bars.
During placing the steel in RC structure if the required length of a bar is not sufficiently available to make a design length then lapping is done. Lapping means overlapping of two bars side by side to achieve required design length.
Suppose, we need to build a 100 feet tall column. But practically 100 ft long bar is not available and it is also not possible to cage. Therefore we need to cut the bars in every second story. Now, we need to transfer the tension forces from one bar to the other at the location of discontinuity of bar. So we have to provide the second bar closed to the first bar that is discontinued and overlapping is to be done. The amount of overlapping between two bars is known as lap length.
In case of RCC structure, if the length of reinforcement bars need to be extended, splicing is used to join two reinforcement bars for transferring the forces to the joined bar

LENGTH FORMULA:
LAP LENGTH IN TENSION:
The lap length including anchorage value of hooks shall be
1. For flexural tension – Ld or 30d whichever is greater.
2. For direct tension – 2Ld or 30d whichever is greater.
The straight length of lapping shall not be less than 15d or 20 cm.
LAP LENGTH IN COMPRESSION:
The lap length in compression shall be equivalent to the development length in compression computed but not less than 24d.
FOR DIFFERENT DIAMETER BARS:
In case of bars having different diameter are to be spliced, the lap length is calculated on the basis of smaller diameter bar.
LAP SPLICES:
Lap splices should not be used for the bars having larger dia than 36 mm. In that case, welding should be done. But if welding is not practicable then lapping may be permitted for the bars larger than 36 mm dia. Additional spirals should be provided around the lapped bars.
LAP LENGTH FOR CONCRETE OF 1:2:4 NOMINAL MIX:
Lap length in tension (for plain Grade-1 MS bar) including anchorage value is 58d. So eliminating the anchorage value the lap length = 58 – 2*9d = 40d
where 9d = hook allowance of bars up to 25 mm and k=2
LAP LENGTH FOR M20 CONCRETE:
Columns – 45d
Beams – 60d
Slabs -60d.
So if we need to lap 20 mm dia column bars, we have to provide a minimum lap of 45 * 20 = 900 mm.

METHODS OF CONCRETE CURING

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CONCRETE CURING:

The process of protecting the moisture of concrete surface and enhancing the hydration of cement is known as curing. The physical properties of concrete totally depend on the hydration of cement. If curing is not done properly concrete will be failed to acquire its full strength. Improper concrete curing may also lead the concrete to crack.

METHODS OF CONCRETE CURING:

1. SHADING:

By this method, the evaporation of water is locked in the concrete surface. It also protects the surface from heat, wind etc. In cold climates, it prevents the concrete from freezing by preserving heat of hydration of cement.

2. COVERING THE SURFACE WITH WATERPROOF PAPER:

In this method, the concrete surface is covered with wet gunny bags or waterproof papers to avoid water loss and to protect the concrete from further damage. This method gives satisfactory results for curing of concrete slabs and pavements.

3. SPRINKLING WATER:

In this method, water is sprayed on the concrete with the help of nozzles at proper intervals. This method is not so effective due to the difficulty of keeping the concrete surface be moist all the time.

4. PONDING:

Ponding is the most common method that is adopted for curing of floors, slabs, pavements etc. In this method, concrete surface is first covered with moist wrapper for 24 hours. After that, the covers are then removed and small amount of clay puddles are constructed around all the area. Then water is filled for final curing.

5. MEMBRANE CURING:

In this method concrete surface is covered by waterproof membranes or sealing compounds such as bitumen emulsion, wax, rubber latex emulsion, water repellant, plastic films etc. The membrane protects the water loss from concrete. It is seen membrane curing for 28 days give equivalent strength to two weeks moist curing.

6. STEAM CURING:

Steam curing is done by increasing the temperature of concrete in wet condition. This method allows the concrete to achieve its full strength within a short time, thus curing is also finished within short time. Steam curing is mostly adopted for the production of precast members.

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