#4_Advanced_Technologies_Used_in_Civil_Engineering

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 There are many observers and academics who regard the construction industry as being slow to innovate and inefficient at applying new innovations to the industry. When you think about it, the core principles of construction today, as well as many of the techniques, technology, and much of the knowledge have been used since Roman times. However, behind the scenes, there is now a great deal of technology and innovation in the industry.

When we talk about advanced construction technologies, we are referring to a wide range of modern techniques and practices. These techniques and practices represent the latest innovations in fields as diverse as materials physics, design and planning procedures, and facility management. The use of technology in civil engineering, which encompasses the planning, design, and construction of urban environments and infrastructure projects, has been a game changer in many respects.

The technologies on this list are among the most important advanced construction technologies that are making their way into the field of civil engineering.

Material Physics

Metamaterials are materials which have been custom designed in order to have specific properties as a result of their molecular make up. The versatility of materials that civil engineers have at their disposal is allowing them to design and execute more innovative and adventurous projects than ever before. The most well known of these new materials is graphene, a material which can be made to have a number of different properties under different conditions. This gives it an almost limitless range of uses in the field of construction.

Modular Construction

Modular buildings, sometimes known as ‘prefabricated buildings’ are buildings which are constructed from different components, each of which is produced on an assembly line to ensure that they are all produced exactly the same. This makes this type of building much easier and cheaper to construct.

Smart Technologies

Smart technologies are making their way into every sector of life. Many people now have voice assistants in their homes which can be used to control lights, order items online, and even read the news and play music. Smart technologies also allow civil engineers to plan and design in considerably more detail than before.

Online Degrees

Because of the rise of online degrees, offered by renowned educational institutions such as Ohio University, anyone who wants to can learn about civil engineering from the comfort of their own home. Ohio University’s Masters in Civil Engineering course is cheaper than the campus equivalent. Another advantage of studying with Ohio University Online is that you can study part-time, allowing you to work while you earn your degree.

Civil engineering relies on new technologies and innovations in order to thrive. As with the rest of the construction industry, these are just some of the key technologies that are driving progress.

#WHY_COVER_BLOCKS_ARE_USED_IN_REINFORCEMENT

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WHAT IS COVER BLOCK?
A cover block is essentially a spacer that is used to lift the rebar matrix off the ground so that concrete may flow underneath the rebar.
In order to prevent corrosion of the rebar, it needs to be fully embedded in concrete. By code, it usually needs about 2 to 3 inches of coverage on all sides. So the cover block lifts the rebar up by about 2 to 3 inches and becomes a permanent and integral part of the poured concrete, ensuring that no part of the rebar sags and minimizes that required concrete coverage during the pour.
TYPES OF COVER BLOCKS:
There are different types of covering blocks based on the type of material used:-
1. Wooden cover block.
2. Steel cover block.
3. PVC Block.
4. Cement masonry cover block
5. Aluminum cover block.
6. Stone cover block.
WHY COVER BLOCKS ARE USED IN REINFORCEMENT?
Cover blocks are used for the following reasons:
1. To maintain a specified distance between the rebar and the shuttering.
2. To protect the steel reinforcement bars from environmental effects to prevent their corrosion.
3. To provide thermal insulation, which protects the reinforcement bars from fire.
4. To give reinforcing bars sufficient embedding to enablethem to be stressed without slipping.

Advances Land Survey Work Shop Program

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Successfully Completed One Days (01/04/2018) our institution conducted ISO Certified workshop Program from "AVS Engineering College". Based on "DEVELOPING SKILL IN MODERN SURVEYING INSTRUMENT AND IT'S USES". We thanks to students, faculties and sympathizers.

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How to Reduce Building Construction Cost

#How to Reduce Building Construction Cost

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Areas from where cost can be reduced are:
o Reduce plinth area by using thinner wall concept.
o Use locally available material an innovative form like soil cement blocks in place of burnt brick.
o Use energy efficiency materials which consumes less energy like concrete block in place of burnt brick.
o Use environmentally friendly materials which are substitute for conventional building components like use R.C.C. Door and window frames in place of wooden frames.
o Preplan every component of a house and rationalize the design procedure for reducing the size of the component in the building.
o By planning each and every component of a house the wastage of materials due to demolition of the unplanned component of the house can be avoided.
o Each component of the house shall be checked whether if it’s necessary, if it is not necessary, then that component should not be used.
o Build smarter with space. Smaller house, multi-use spaces.

HOW TO CALCULATE CONCRETE VOLUME FOR TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING/SLOPED FOOTING

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How To Calculate Concrete Volume For Trapezoidal Footing:

A trapezoid is a combination of a cuboid and a truncated pyramid.

Trapezoidal footing = Cuboid + trancated pyramid.

So to calculate the volume of trapezoidal footing we need to calculate the volume of a cuboid and a truncated pyramid.

1. Volume of  Rectangular Cuboid = length x Breadth x Height = 3 x 2 x 0.3 = 1.8 m³

2. Volume of Truncated pyramid = 1/3 (A1 + A2 + √A1A2) x h

Where A1 = Area of the top base.

A2 = Area of bottom base.

A1 = 0.6 x 0.5 = 0.3 m²

A2 = 3 x 2 = 6 m²

Volume of truncated pyramid = 1/3(0.3 + 6 + √0.3×6) x 0.3 = 0.81 m³

∴ Total volume of trapezoidal footing = Volume of Cuboid + Volume of Truncated pyramid

= 1.8 + 0.81 = 2.61 m³.

So total concrete volume for trapezoidal footing is 2.61 m³.

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#LAP LENGTH OF BARS

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LAP LENGTH:
Development length and lap length are two important terms in reinforcement. But many of us get confused with the difference between development length and lap length. In our previous article we have already discussed what is development length of bars, today we will discuss what is lap length of bars.
During placing the steel in RC structure if the required length of a bar is not sufficiently available to make a design length then lapping is done. Lapping means overlapping of two bars side by side to achieve required design length.
Suppose, we need to build a 100 feet tall column. But practically 100 ft long bar is not available and it is also not possible to cage. Therefore we need to cut the bars in every second story. Now, we need to transfer the tension forces from one bar to the other at the location of discontinuity of bar. So we have to provide the second bar closed to the first bar that is discontinued and overlapping is to be done. The amount of overlapping between two bars is known as lap length.
In case of RCC structure, if the length of reinforcement bars need to be extended, splicing is used to join two reinforcement bars for transferring the forces to the joined bar

LENGTH FORMULA:
LAP LENGTH IN TENSION:
The lap length including anchorage value of hooks shall be
1. For flexural tension – Ld or 30d whichever is greater.
2. For direct tension – 2Ld or 30d whichever is greater.
The straight length of lapping shall not be less than 15d or 20 cm.
LAP LENGTH IN COMPRESSION:
The lap length in compression shall be equivalent to the development length in compression computed but not less than 24d.
FOR DIFFERENT DIAMETER BARS:
In case of bars having different diameter are to be spliced, the lap length is calculated on the basis of smaller diameter bar.
LAP SPLICES:
Lap splices should not be used for the bars having larger dia than 36 mm. In that case, welding should be done. But if welding is not practicable then lapping may be permitted for the bars larger than 36 mm dia. Additional spirals should be provided around the lapped bars.
LAP LENGTH FOR CONCRETE OF 1:2:4 NOMINAL MIX:
Lap length in tension (for plain Grade-1 MS bar) including anchorage value is 58d. So eliminating the anchorage value the lap length = 58 – 2*9d = 40d
where 9d = hook allowance of bars up to 25 mm and k=2
LAP LENGTH FOR M20 CONCRETE:
Columns – 45d
Beams – 60d
Slabs -60d.
So if we need to lap 20 mm dia column bars, we have to provide a minimum lap of 45 * 20 = 900 mm.